Chapter 2 Ap World History Summary

Chapter 2 AP World History Summery Each civilization faces challenges from politics to environment and everything in between. This chapter explains how each society became urbanized even though it was very tough. Nubia, China, Olmec, and Chavin are connected though each are separated by millions of miles and geological isolation. In China, dynasties rule all over the land; the Shang dynasty begins China’s history with the rise of power of it’s clans. It contains the earliest recorded writing documents, and they introduced bronze during 2000 B.C. E. The region was ran by a warrior aristocracy who loved warfare, hunting, exchanging, feasting, and wine revelry; the King of Shang always traveled for courts of his subordinates to reinforce their loyalty. Nomadic people that owned desert regions, or steppe lands were given demonstration power also. Religion in the Shang dynasty was enforced, the Kings used divination to determine the will of their ancestors and Gods to win fa vor. Nubia is located in the Nile River Valley and was over run by the Egyptians because of they have gold mines.After Egypt took charge, Nubia became Kush and adapted the Egyptian culture. Nubia decided to help local Palestine who struggled with the Assyrians in 701 B. C. E. ; this was a mistake because the Assyrians invaded and overthrown Egypt so that made a downfall for Nubia. After a while, Nubia became in control again, they still kept the Egyptian language, however Sub-Saharan culture replaced the Egyptian culture when Meroe became better suited for agriculture and trade. On the other side of the world, the Olmec civilization is completely isolated from the world.It’s located in Mesoamerica which is one of the most impressive early civilizations. The King’s Power was used to make people build large scale irrigation and drainage works, and by the 1000 B. C. E, they have become a civilization. In addition to the geological isolation, Olmec have frequent volcanic e ruptions and earth quakes, and mountains that separate the region into micro environments. Evolution developed into urbanization and appearance of powerful political and religious elites. The people were very advanced for their time; they made he calendar and based their urban centers to reflect astronomical observations. The Olmec civilization influenced the Mayans and considered the most influential earliest Mesoamerican civilization. The most impressive early Urban South American civilization is Chavin. It’s home to the most dense population. Maize increased the food supply of the coast and interior foothills, thus, allowing greater leverage for civilization. They have a form of political integration and trade dependency on it’s neighbors that may have relied on military force.Their religion was based on praising their royal ancestors and gods that can take on animal form. The most praised animal is the Jaguar; human sacrifices were made at temple platforms. These c ivilizations became very complex as they advance with technologies, science, and math mathematics. Power was taken away, and given to in each society, and some are diminishing before us. They may be separated and isolated from each other by mountains, water, and hemispheres, but that doesn't separate the development of each economic institutions politically, socially, and economically.

Incomplete related Literature Essay

According to Aquino (2005), importance of computer application is increasing day by day. Nowadays we can’t stop the innovation, technology help us from living. â€Å"Lacks of enrollment system in schools can lead to chaos ant troubles† as stated by Ace Adrian (2011). Students will be confused on what they should do to be able to enroll that is why such systems is extremely useful in the way that it retrieving vital information of the students. Without it can lead difficulty both the administration of school and student in enrollment processes. Many countries nowadays, especially the developing nations are challenged by the rapid technological changes. This has radically changed the living and working styles of the entire society. This transformation has been driven partly by rapid technological innovation. In the 20th century saw the rise of the industrial revolution with steam-powered machines intensifying and expanding human productive power, the 21st century was characterized by the birth of machine-powered flight and the human creativity even more made possible new ways by which humans could live and work together( Victoria L. Tinio, 2002) . Transformation of manual enrollment to a automated and now into web based automation is one example of what has driven partly by rapid technological innovation. Technology innovation had influenced man’s work from data processing, business transaction, research planning and monitoring. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of its application. Significant advantage of building a web application to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client (Bacala & Reanno, 2009). A web- bases enrollment system has featured that meet most of academic institution system’s needs and requirements. This includes standardized modules for students registration, enrollment, grade management and payment that are necessary to operate a school.

Beauty and the Beast

We have discussed before a question whether art necessarily has to improve us morally and concluded that not all art has moral impact, or is morally relevant. But think about the following questions, please explain each in detail: 1) Is a work with a moral message a better work because of this, than the work without any moral relevance?I believe that on general terms a work is better with a moral message than without one, meaning that its having a moral message is not the only measure of a work of art but that it is better because it reflects a consciousness, a responsibility on the part of the artist, of trying to make a statement, of sharing his stand to all the eyes that will look at the art work. An artist will eventually die, a work of art has more chances of surviving through the years, and it will be his testament.If it will survive then it would be better if it can show the coming generations a grain of truth on the human condition. 2) Could an immoral work be praised as arti stically successful? Personally I do not believe that an immoral work could be praised as artistically successful. Should art have no meaning but simply satisfy aesthetic taste? Could we look past the effect of a work of art and just choose to look at aspects of it and not its wholeness including the statement it makes?An immoral work goes against the goodness that we recognize as beautiful – and in this it seems that human nature is innately good, as we associate what is good with what is beautiful. It is only when we disassociate with what our emotions and our instinct tells us that we take a calculating look and examine a work based on rigid standards. 3) Are goodness and beauty in any way related in real life? I believe that in goodness we see beauty, but not all things beautiful truly have goodness.We know of beautiful faces but have evil hearts, but we also know of good hearts but may not come in what society brands as beautiful. However, when there is goodness in heart and spirit, we feel safe and good about ourselves and others as well, and we see the beauty in things. After all, all things have beauty and goodness in the – as long as we look for it – and what is good is the beautiful in them.

Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing with Marginal Costing Essay

Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing with Marginal Costing - Essay Example The Strict adherence to a particular costing method is critically important to effectively managing the finance in a firm since its management will be bale to make proper appraisal of the productivity as well as performance of various costs units in the firm. This piece of research reviews full costing and variable costing and outlines the conceptual framework and key assumptions of these cost methods. This paper compares and contrasts these approaches to product and services costing with a view to explain whether the choice of full costing or variable costing still matter or not. Full Costing: Conceptual Framework and key assumptions Full costing, also commonly termed as Absorption Costing, refers to a costing method in which all manufacturing costs, including variable as well as fixed costs, are attributed to the production costs. Hilton, Maher and Selto (200, p. 58) stated that full costing applies all manufacturing-overheads to manufactured goods along with direct materials and d irect labor costs. Full costing is also termed as absorption costing because it absorbs and recovers both fixed and variable costs (Heisinger, 2009, p. 276). The cost incurred for the production of a unit is considered as variable cost per unit plus an allocated share of the fixed overheads (Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 627, Nigam, Nigam and Jain, 2004, p. 398). In full costing, direct costs are directly allocated to the cost units and manufacturing overhead-costs are taken to the product and other overheads. Direct material costs and direct labor costs are variable costs and these are directly attributed to the product. But, fixed costs are charged over different products that the firm manufactures over a given period of time (Williams, Haka and Bettner, 2004, p. 923, Jiambalvo, 2009, p. 181). Inventory costs should include all production overheads with fixed as well as variable costs and therefore SSAP 9 considers Full Costing as an essential requirement for the external reporting purpos es if the firm has to undergo it (Broadbent, Broadbent and Cullen, 2003, p. 92). In Full Costing method, the demand of the product is never considered, but prices are considered as the functions of the costs. Full costing includes pasts costs that may not always be relevant to the present decision making purposes and pricing determinants (Jackson, Sawyers and Jenkins, 2008, p. 228, Drury. 2006, p. 227) In Full Costing method, the demand of the product is never considered, but prices are considered as the functions of the costs. Full costing includes pasts costs that may not always be relevant to the present decision making purposes and pricing determinants. It is therefore criticized that Full costing may not be able to provide reliable and accurate information in order to make decision making be effective (Boardguess, 2009). Variable Costing: Conceptual Framework and key assumptions As detailed above, Full costing includes direct materials, direct labors and both variable and fixed manufacturing overheads that are incurred in manufacturing a product. In contrast, variable costing doesn’

Strategic management of Adam Aircraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management of Adam Aircraft - Essay Example In this paper, a SWOT analysis and the Five Porter Forces of Adam Aircraft will be discussed as well as the strategic management used by the company in order to improve on its performance. The SWOT analysis will be carried on the company to determine the reasons behind its success, failures and to determine the management strategies used for the company to venture into the already competitive market. For example, the market had been quite desperate for products like plane performing flawlessly overhead and so this paper will analyze whether Adam Aircraft was able to succeed from where other companies had failed. Introduction This paper is about the strategic management of Adam Aircraft. Adam Aircraft manufactures designs and eventually intends on selling aircrafts in the aerospace/aviation industry. Rick Adam is the successful entrepreneur behind this company and has identified a need in the market which made him venture into this industry. He has worked with computer engineers and pilots and this gave an insight of knowing the customer or the market needs. In this case, Rick Adam describes himself as a raging incrementalist who has chosen to taken a step by step in innovations. Marketing of airplanes has high barriers to entry and highly requires enormous amounts of capital due to the strict and very expensive policies which are dictated by the relevant authorities. Rick acknowledged all the pitfalls of being an airplane manufacture in the industry and these include building, designing, financing and long-term certification process. Rick also analyses the reasons as to why many companies have failed in trying to enter the market and why other companies succeed. From these market research processes, Rick was able to discover new ways in which he would approach the aerospace industry hence the success of Adam Aircraft. Adam Aircraft is a perfect example of a company in the aerospace/aviation industry which has defied all odds in the industry by escaping hurdles like competition from key players and technology capital to a point of success where it created A700 and A500. 2. SWOT analysis Strengths The ability to have great ideas on how to launch a new aircraft ahead of it competitors is a strength to Adam Aircraft The ten member executive team of Adam Aircraft are accomplished pilots and experts and with many years experience in the aviation industry. These accomplished pilots and experts have continued to build a ton of airplanes for the company The company understood that the only way to finance its new project budget is to cut on the development costs by at least 5% Adam Aircraft understood that the development of a new airplane project needs brilliant engineering and the development of a culture which is unheard in the aviation industry The company has had a large customer base ever since it flew its A500 The company plans on introducing A700 which will lead to a reduction in the cost per seat to a level where the average business traveler could afford the service. Rick is a specialist in computer science and IT this made him acquire

Assess the intent and impact of publicityoriented legal challenges to Essay

Assess the intent and impact of publicityoriented legal challenges to physicianassisted suicide - Essay Example (Egendorf PAS occurs when a doctor, upon the requests of the patient, provides a lethal overdose of medication for the patient to self-administer explicitly knowing that it will enable the patient to commit suicide. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is where the doctor himself administers the lethal overdose. PAS is also ethically and legally distinct in the case wherein the doctor provides medication with the goal of only relieving pain but understanding that death could occur as a secondary effect. There are currently three places in the world where PAS is legal namely the state of Oregon in the United States and the Netherlands. United Kingdom is also considering the legalization of PAS. The prescribed medication involves a lethal dose of barbiturates that is taken in liquid or in tablet form. (Emmanuel, 1998) Due to the fact that PAS involves termination of life of an institution that was tasked to save lives, the issue has been hotly debated primarily on moral and legal terms. Those on the supporting side argue that individuals should have control over the timing and manner of their own deaths. Some argue that actively bringing about one's death is no different legally than refusing life-sustaining treatment. However, opponents contend that legalizing assisted suicide will cause many problems. They fear that vulnerable individuals may be coerced into suicide as a result of financial pressure or fear of burdening their families. Religious opposition to assisted suicide is often based on the belief that God, not humans, should make the choices regarding death. With PAS, doctors are actually actively "killing" patients by making a lethal dose available whereas treatment refusal would only result to a passive involvement in the death of an individual. (Emmanuel et al, 2000) The issue is further complicated by the fact that the legal considerations has not been defined and determined once and for all. IntheUnitedStates, only one state, Oregon, has adopted a law specifically allowing physician-assisted suicide. In November 1994 voters in Oregon approved a ballot measure adopting the Death with Dignity Act, which authorized physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medication for terminally ill patients. However, opponents of assisted suicide challenged the constitutionality of the law and prevented its enforcement. In 1997, after the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the states have the authority to regulate this issue, the voters of Oregon again approved the act. However, in November 2001, the US attorney general came out with a statement that physicians involving themselves in assisted suicide would nevertheless be violating federal drug laws.() While they may not be liable to criminal prosecution, physicians would have their permission to prescribe med ication revoked by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Also, the DEA would not bother examining the medical records of patients in enforcing federal drug laws and would instead get all the names of the physicians involved in PAS in a regulatory body created by the Oregon Death with Dignit

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Essay - 1

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Monopoly market structure Which of these market structures best serves the interest of the consumer and why - Essay Example The word, â€Å"Monopolist† is derived from the Greek words, Mono meaning one and Polist for seller (FRIEDMAN, Milton, 2002). The existence of Monopoly in today’s world is very rare. Monopolies are usually protected by effective barriers to entry. Example of Monopolies may be a company with its unique patented drug or the only provider of electricity for a town. De Beers used to have Monopoly in the diamond market. Monopoly does not have a complete control over price in a sense that it faces a negatively sloped demand curve. This means, any price increase will eventually loss some customers. Keeping in view, a Monopoly always wants to maximize its profit. For maximizing the profit, a Monopoly increases its output to the level where Marginal Cost (MC) intersects the Marginal Revenue (MR) as shown in the figure 1. The diagram shows the profit maximization point for a monopolist. The profit maximization point lies where Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost. The economic profit is the difference between the Demand and ATC curve. If it produces less than 5 units, the economic profit will be reduced. Also, if the output is increased to 6, the economic profit will again reduce. A Monopolist will always strive for maximizing its profit. For a Monopolist, the Demand Curve is negatively slopped. If the demand for the product is less elastic, a Monopolist can fix a higher price. Ineleastic goods include those which are needs of human being such as electricity, sugar, wheat etc. However, if the demand is elastic, then a Monopolist should adjust the price to a certain level to gain maximum profit. Therefore, the price it charges is always greater than its MC. In Monopolistic competition, there are many competing firms which are selling differentiated products (Investopedia.com). Due to this fact, each firm faces highly elastic negatively sloped demand curve. The term â€Å"Differentiated Product† refers to those products which

Explain why perfectly competitive firms cannot make supernormal Essay - 1

Explain why perfectly competitive firms cannot make supernormal profits in the long run but monopolies can - Essay Example Producers are only interested of taking their cost and resources are easily mobilized. Thus it makes a perfect combination. The most interesting part is that Perfect Competitive market has growth levels to improve their quality and revise their prices which make them vulnerable and devoted towards their product. This is observed and practice because a lot of firms comes in and introduce their new may be advanced product to customers and if you fail to offer something equivalent then customers simply turns their backs. These are some positive gestures which you receive from the market to improve further or bring something new to attract the customers. All conditions are to be fulfilled to make it a Perfect Competitive Market. Monopolistic Market: It is a place where only one party holds the system and moulds it accordingly. There are several other problems that occur for consumers if the market is monopolistic like supply constraints are faced often and prices are fixed according to their will, mostly high and excessive barriers are being laid for new comers which is a hindrance in getting new offers and sufferers are only customers as they can’t help buying the product available. This type of markets are usually said to be in telecommunication or media industry sectors as they lay strong foundation by investing a huge amount which cannot be easily challenged. But they are bad for themselves in a way that they do not face competitor, which does not make them realize to go for innovations or advancements. The best example here is American Software Company known as Microsoft which ruled the software sector for decades because of its Windows Operating System. They were later challenged by Apple with extra ordinary efforts for which Apple waited for years and today it is in dominance. Remember efficiency is not the only factor affecting monopoly. Monopolies can still achieve a good profit ratio then Competitive markets in the long run. This term can

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business law - Essay Example The issue in respect of this question requires an analysis of invitation to treat, unilateral offer, offer, acceptance, rejection and past consideration. Each of these elements would be discussed and an evaluation in line with the facts would be made. An offer has been defined as an expression of willingness by one party known as the offeror, to contract or be bound on stated terms, provided that such terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer is made that is the offeree. The courts have distinguished between an offer and an invitation to treat, this is because the latter is merely an expression of willingness by one party to enter into negotiations and so is not unconditional and there is a lack of intention. Invitation to treat has been defined as an expression of willingness of a party to enter into negotiations with another with the hope that a contract would be reached at the end of such negotiations. (Fisher v Bell)1. As for advertisements, it has been strictly said to b e an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden)2, however, the courts have interpreted advertisements in a manner which allows for certain exceptions to be created and the main reasons for that has been cited to be intention to be bound and certainty (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.)3. Further, the advertisement of an auction sale is generally only an invitation to treat (Harris v Nickerson)4. The opinions as to when an offer is made have differed. The next issue that would be looked into is acceptance which is defined an unequivocal assent to the terms that has been proposed by the offeror. The general rule for the acceptance of an offer is that the offer should be accepted unconditionally and must be communicated to the offeror. ( Holwell Securities v. Hughes5) . However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule of communication of acceptance and one of them is the highly criticised postal rule. The rule has been criticised because of the adoption it took despite the vario us option that were available to it. In Adams v Lindsell6 it was held that the acceptance takes place when the offeree posts the letter of acceptance. Instantaneous modes of communication has lately been scrutinized by the courts (Lord Wilberforce in Brinkibon Ltd. v Stahag Stahl GmbH), the courts have been supportive of the fact that communication should be made to the offeree and he must have knowledge of that in respect of instantaneous mode of communication. As far as the advertisement that has been placed by Mary is concerned it can be said that it is clearly an invitation to treat and cannot in any way be construed to be a unilateral offer as there is no intention in that respect. In respect of the information that she provided to Rose it was merely an invitation to treat whereby she discussed that she would reduce price and so there was no offer in that respect. In respect of the message that had been left by Rose of the 800 pound, it can be said that that was an offer which had been made by Rose. As far as acceptance was concerned, Mary did try to make the acceptance, but the problem that arises in that respect is the fact that there had been a problem in respect of the instantaneous mode of communication and so the communication did not take place and therefore the acceptance is not effective. In the case of Matthew it can be said that he did not make an offer was it was conditional upon him receiving the payment from his father and therefore does not satisfy the criteria for a valid offer to be existent. In respect of silence constituting to be acceptance it has been an accepted phenomena that silence cannot constitute to be acceptance. (Felthouse v. Bendley)7 . Considering the decision on silence, the act of John leaving the cheque and silence of Mary would not lead to an acceptance. Furthermore, the actions of Mary destroying the cheque also go against the notion of acceptance by conduct and therefore no acceptance has taken place. As far as past c onsideration is concerned, the courts have clearly laid down the fact

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy - Essay Example For instance, when a firm increases it prices by few cents, the consumers may want to fight back by making many complaints towards the company or deciding not to buy the goods. However, on the other hand, when a firm increases the prices at the higher range, the consumers will be surprised but still purchase the goods as they do not have any choice. The company is dedicated to creating quality products and services and as a result, the company has introduced unified process automation systems, services, and products. Its goals are to have products and services that will ensure that they give automated systems integrated with diverse business analytic functions for the consumers. Oracle has focused on â€Å"pampering† all its stakeholders. The key stakeholders that the company has placed them to the center of their operations are the customers. Oracle has implemented a Led-innovation strategy that ensures that the company all its services and products are aligned with the consu mers’ requirements contrasting the internal company goals. Before introducing any product or services, the company tends to research on the customer’s needs. For its standards, the company has implemented the ethical principle of honesty that is upholding the high standards for the Oracle Corporation. The principle provides honesty for the corporations and its employees as they deal with partners and stakeholders along with the company's customers. The company has embraced the ethical business ethics of honesty and with this code.

Damned If You Do Essay Example for Free

Damned If You Do Essay In my Chemistry class, there are two students who always ask make remarks or ask questions about the topics discussed: a male and a female. When the male student asks questions, the people in my class sit quietly and listen to the professor’s explanation, but when the female student asks questions, the class—including myself— gets annoyed. They begin to roll their eyes and sneer. Even my professor seems to be annoyed at times. Often I hear my classmates complaining about her during break. They nag about how much she interrupts class with her foolish questions and interpretations, yet no one complains about the male classmate. I thought to myself, â€Å"Maybe he asks better questions than she? † But after a few weeks I began to realize that the intelligence of their questions and comments tends to be the same. So why do my classmates favor the male student’s remarks over the female student’s? Everyone has their own way of saying things, however the way we hear what a women says is often completely different in comparison to how we would hear it if a man had said it instead. When hearing both genders communicating, we unintentionally put males above females. We look at men as more powerful than women. In Deborah Tannen’s book, You Just Don’t Understand, she explains that the reasons for this starts at a very young age. Girls were raised to never boast. Tannen says, â€Å"Girls learn that displaying superiority will not get them what they want—affiliation with peers. For this, they have to appear the same as, not better than, their friends† (218). Females look at boasting as â€Å"showing off† and â€Å"rude†, and feel they will be rejected if they do so. They rarely compare themselves to others. In fact, women try to keep the status between them mutual. The best example is my little sister, Julie. When she plays with her friend Natalie, they always play the same character. They will agree to be â€Å"sister princesses in a big castle. † On the other hand, when I see her play with her friend Jake, he always insists on being superior to her. He says things such as â€Å"I’ll be Batman and you’ll be Robin,† immediately taking the higher status. Boys feel that if they don’t act dominant and take charge people won’t take them seriously. Naturally we expect women not to boast, while with men we don’t seem to care. If a woman told a group of people she was a founder of a huge company worth millions of dollars, they would think she was â€Å"showing off† and the group would automatically leave her out of the conversation. If a man were to say the same thing—because we are so used to them boasting—we would not look at it as â€Å"showing off†. We would think highly of him. This is why men and women are judged differently even when they speak the same way. Tannen says, â€Å"If a linguistic strategy is used by a woman, it is seen as powerless; if it’s done by a man it is seen as powerful† (225). Since females don’t try to be at a higher status, their speech is often ineffective. Along with women not addressing a higher status, they also do not ask for something directly. They are more covert when asking for a favor. When my mom says, â€Å"It would be nice if someone would put the dishes away for me,† most of the time I don’t. Because she is asking indirectly, I don’t see the power in her question. On the other hand, if my dad says â€Å"Hey†¦ put those away for me,† I automatically listen. Although they were both implying the same thing, my mom’s statement was powerless because it was polite and indirect. Females use â€Å"tag questions† (227-28), such as â€Å"That’s a nice dress, isn’t it? † The â€Å"tag question† makes women seem unsure. Women don’t mean to sound hesitant. They say â€Å"Isn’t it? † expecting the other person to say â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† and therefore starting a conversation. Tannen says, â€Å"[P]eople expect women to use tags† (228). We expect women to be unsure, and as a result, when they make statements or ask questions, we assume they don’t know that they are talking about. Researcher Patricia Hayes Bradley says, â€Å"When women used tag questions and disclaimers, subjects judged them as less intelligent and knowledgeable than men who also used them† (qtd. in Tannen 228). In other words, because of the different stereotypes of men and women, we have distinctive attitudes towards what they say, and we make men dominant. Looking back at the issue in my Chemistry class, I see why I found the female student aggravating. When comparing her to the male classmate, I unconsciously looked at her as lower than him. Both males and females become accustomed to this power vs. powerless ways. It becomes everyday life. People are less likely to pay attention to an idea that is raised by a woman who doesn’t assert her status, therefore making us unconsciously look at them as below men.

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay Example for Free

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay In this investigation I will focus mostly on the regulation of both convents and brothels in the time period of Shakespeare and the early Renaissance. Ruth Mazo Karras’ â€Å"The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,† focuses exactly on this topic throughout England and other European countries during the Renaissance. In regards to the convents I will be looking closely at an article entitled â€Å"Subjects on the Worlds Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,† written by David G. Allen and Robert A. White. The regulations of brothels in the Renaissance were regarded heavily. Karras says that women within these brothels were basically regarded as evil and as sinners yet they remained occupying the position of prostitution solely because of the sexual appetite of men; these brothels were considered â€Å"†¦a necessary evil† (Karras). The first parallel between women of convents and stews I came to find was that of the aspect of being forbidden from society in a sense. Women of convents were completely shut off from the public, no insiders could leave and no outsiders could come in (Allen). The only difference in the secrecy of these two places was the fact that the brothels were attended by men. Karras also states that the women of brothels were not given any rights that regular women had, â€Å"In some places, she was not allowed to reject any customer, indeed could not be raped because she was considered to belong to all men and thus had no right to withhold consent† (Karras). These two aspects of women’s lives in this time period play a major part in the drama Measure for Measure, and especially set up the scene in the opening act of the play. When Claudio sends for his sister, Isabel, to help him get out of jail, in which he was sentenced to death for having premarital (by the eyes of the church) sex with Juliet, Isabel leaves the convent in which she was about to take her vows in order to save her brother. Thus, we have an almost-nun and sinful intercourse immediately in Act 1, both directly related to the idea of convents and brothels and the women within these places. In this case, however, Juliet is not a prostitute but in the eyes of Angelo and the law is regarded as one because of her and Claudio’s unofficial and insufficient marriage.

IKEA Marketing Analysis

IKEA Marketing Analysis The purpose of marketing is making sure that the effort of separate parts of the company, such as research, selling, sales promotion, and after sale service are working as closely together as possible. To understand such dual rule successfully their need to be a clean understanding of organisational responsibility and a clear program showing deters timing. In my academic session, I wish to analyse the market research of IEKA which is one of the largest and superior furniture store in the UK. The IKEA concept builds on a relationship with the consumer. Nine key messages are used within the IKEA marketing communication to build this relationship and give an understanding of how we can fulfil our customers needs. They have managed to make their products and services more popular based not only on price but by creating a unique shopping experience for the customers. The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the IKEA experience. Definition of marketing: Marketing is a complex series of process by which demand for goods and services is identified, supplied, anticipated or manipulated by a producer. While new often regarded as part of the responsibility of every aspect of the business and indeed every employee it realize heavily on such functions as advertising, marketing, research and new product development. There are huge number of definitions are provided by different persons and institutes such as. *According to Philip Kotler satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process *The Chartered Institute of Marketing define marketing as The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably Compare between the definitions: The given definitions by Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) and Philip Kokler are not same. They provide their Meaning of marketing in the different way. If we analyse their speech we can fine the compare of the definition. There are some comparisons in my point of view: a. The main differences between the definitions are changing of the customer need and want which are mentioned in the Philip definition CIM did not give any idea about it. b. On the other hand, Chartered Institute of Marketing Definition with benefit process but Philip Kotler did not focus any theory of benefit. c. Besides that Kotler ignore the identification and anticipating what customer will need in the future but CIM was effort that will be happened in the customer view. In fine, it is clear from the above discussion that, CIM provides its definition is more elaborately then the Philip Kotler proved. But both of the definitions are depend on marketing approach. Characteristics of marketing oriented organisation: The main structure of marketing oriented organisation is the always deal to the customer and try to bit their competitors. They try to attract and empress the customer to improve their sale. There are various types of characteristics is appear in the market oriented organisation. But five important feathers are mentioned bellow: The organisation consider to the customer first. What product customer wants and how product should developed for customer satisfaction. The needs of the customer have got a great importance in the market oriented business. A market oriented business identifies the needs of the customer and will start the process of production of that service or goods which will fulfil the customer needs. In todays business environment, the company gives much importance to the consumer and will try to identify the needs and wants of the customer. Another feather, structure and culture of these organisations are easy and flexible because they can change this structure according to the situation. One most important issue is long-term process. This is a valuable process because any business sometime passes critical moment and then it automatically overcome crisis so if they got long-term target they may not be affected by this way. Last but not least character is stockholder. They give priority to stockholder before making decision because they bear profit and loss of the company. IEKA is a market oriented organisation because all of the above mentioned character are found in the IKEA. They always try to the keep satisfied customer by the providing good product and service. Element of marketing concept: The marketing concept is The achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs better than the competition. There are three types of marketing concept such as: Customer orientation. Integrated effort and Goal achievement. Customer orientation: Customer orientation means supply best customer service for gaining their satisfaction. It is less important to provide customer convenience then the customer satisfaction. The selling theory is based on the belief that customers need to be persuaded to buy through aggressive selling and promotions. Integrated effort: Company have to improve both internal and external capacity which is important element of marketing. External means customer need, staff motivation, and production. Many individuals within the organisation have a responsibility for creating value not just staff and a marketing orientation requires that an organisation draws upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customer needs. Goal achievement: Every company must be believed the universal truth role is customer satisfaction for gaining supreme success. Communicating successfully with customers is about supporting the product you are trying to sell. In the market, high levels of promotional support are required for the product to be recognised. Marketing approach: http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif Marketing approach is the process by which companies determine what products and service may by satisfy to consumer, and the strategy to use in sales, communication, and business development. It is also an integrated method which is can build up strong relationship with customer. Every company expense lots of money for marketing purpose. To get success of the business in the competive world company apply different marketing approach for improving sales. There is some of the effective cost and benefit point of marketing approach: Cost: Making a proper marketing structure for attracting customer. To improve the quality of products those are manufacture by the company. Develop the service method. Creating strong relationships with customer, supplier and distributor. Benefit: Almost all of the company stand on profit. Without profit any company cannot survive long time, so main marketing approach should be profitable. One most important point of benefit is gaining customer loyalty. So that customer can realize that the products and service are actually well. Another valuable benefit is achieving reputation. Only by the customer Satisfaction Company can achieve this benefit. Micro environmental factor of IKEA: The word of Micro means small or limited something. But in the business section, micro environmental element means some of the internal factors which are directly control or effect on the business. The micro environmental factors of the company are customer, suppler, and its stockholder those are strongly related each other. So company can directly affected by these element or factors. If the supplier of IEKA do not provide good manner to customer or do not give them proper service customer may divert to another company because it is competitive market as a result the stockholder do not wish to invest capital because company became profitless. But the customer of IEKA are always satisfied because its service and product. The relationship between supplier and stockholder of IKEA excellent that is why they were effort to gain success. Another important factor of IKEA is staff, they are always tried to keep customer happy by providing their best service. Macro environmental factor of IKEA: The word of Macro means bigger or unlimited something. But in the Business world, macro environmental factor means some of the external issue which are indirectly leads or control on the company. The macro environmental factors are national and international economy, politics, society, and technology. The factor of macro environment do not affect on the company it first effect to the country and then society and finally company. We know that IKEA is a worldwide company which deal more than 29 countries. In the recent world economic recession destroys most of companies are going to be baseless but IEKA does effecting by this crises. Because IKEA always sales sale worldwide design product which impress to the customer. Market segmentation: The analysis of buyer or potential buyer in a given market along various dimensions. These usually include demographers like age, sex, and socio-economic status, buying patterns with respect to price and quality and personality factors like conservatism radicalism, need for achievement or need for affiliation. The objective is to divide a market into segments comprising similar kind of people so that marketing efforts eon be targeted more precisely and the most effectively approach used with each segment for specific form of market segmentation. The concept of IKEA that people are famous for working hard, living on small means and using their heads to make the best possible use of the limited resources they have. This way of doing things is at the heart of the IKEA approach to keeping prices low. But quality is not compromised for the sake of cost. Sweden has an international reputation for safety and quality you can rely on, and IKEA retailers take pride in offering the right qualit y in all situations. There are two common product of IEKA bellow which is available in market I am going to analyse market segmentation. DVD CD furniture: This is very essential product for every persons daily life thats way most of the Company want to manufacture this product. We know that before manufacture product IKEA always try to understand which raw materials are environmental healthy and all ages accept it. Starting to the demographical view of the customer, children whose age fewer than 18 they will choose this product for its design comfort. Young men choose the IKEAS DVD CD furniture because the low price then other brand. Some of the large family want to buy this product thinking about its raw materials which make it heavy and sustainable price. In t he geographically views, the urban people will use DVD CD furniture than the country side people. Another status of customer social-economy, the poor people may not unable to buy DVD or CD so they no need to buy this furniture. In this case rich a middle class people can effort to buy this product. Table lamp: The important Product of IKEA which is used people in every category. There is huge colour and shade of table lamp is available in the super market. That is why all generated people chose this product. If we segment this product than we can say the children may be prefer it as a variety of colour. Most of the young people will attract to use it for decorating room with verity of size. In case of old generation they will prefer this product for price because it is low price than other company. Geographically, urban area will be more business proper than the rural area. Another impotent factor for family groups is environmental friendly and sustainable price. Target Marketing: Target marketing involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing efforts on one or a few key segments. Target marketing can be the key to a small businesss success. The beauty of target marketing is that it makes the promotion, pricing and distribution of your products and/or services easier and more cost-effective. Target marketing provides a focus to all of your marketing activities. There are five target strategy described below: Identifying competitors: Once you have identified your target market, then you need to understand who your competitors are. The more knowledge you have about you competitors, the more equipped you will be to market and sell your services effectively to their clients. The knowledge you have about your competitors and how you use that knowledge will be either to your advantage or disadvantage, depending on how you market your services. Advertising Avenues: The key to telling your story in the marketplace is to advertise effectively. Conduct necessary research to ascertain where your customers are reading about the latest trends in the marketplace, and ensure your advertising methods meet your customers where they are. Direct mail, email, fax blasts, trade magazine advertising, radio, TV, collateral pieces, and trade shows are some of the many examples that companies can use to advertise themselves effectively. Marketing Campaign and Strategy Develop a marketing strategy that will carry your message to the streets and support your sales teams selling efforts. An effective marketing campaign both brings leads and enables your sales representatives to sell to more qualified leads proactively. Sit down and determine the message that will bring the biggest impact to your target customers, and develop an effective, long-term marketing campaign that will carry that message to the marketplace. Product Knowledge Understanding your own products and the value they bring to the marketplace is critical to developing effective marketing practices. Your product line is your best offense when facing your competition, so it is critical that your marketing department positions your products to their best selling advantage. Your marketing department needs to make sure that the key benefits of your product or service line are well-known to the sales department, and that they are the focus of all marketing campaigns. Industry Knowledge Understanding your industry is critical to marketing effectively to the marketplace. Staying on top of industry trends will enable you to create newer, fresher products that hit the market more quickly and impact-fully than your competitors. Also, knowing the resources to use such as trade magazines, industry-focused websites, trade forums, and industry experts will help you most effectively keep abreast of all that is going on in the industry. Behaviour of buyer: An important part of the marketing process is to understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding, businesses find it hard to respond to the customers needs and wants. For a marketing manager, the challenge is to understand how customers might respond to the different elements of the marketing mix that are presented to them. If management can understand these customer responses better than the competition, then it is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage. Research helps find the real reasons why we buy what we buy. This requires time, money and expertise. Surprisingly many other organisations dont really know exactly why their customers buy or dont buy from them. Yet understanding customers is at the heart of marketing. Once the reasons why people buy or dont buy are discovered, the marketing mix can be changed to suit the buyers needs and wants. HOW CUSTOMER BUY: The psychology of each individual considers the product or service on offer in relation to their own culture, attitude, previous learning, and personal perception. The consumer then decides whether or not to purchase, where to purchase, the brand that he or she prefers, and other choices. A customers approach to purchasing a product or service is influenced by their situation whether they have money and how important, frequent, risky or urgent the purchase is to them in their situation. Imagine the difference between someone with plenty of money who can afford to make a mistake when buying as opposed to someone who has scraped her last few pounds together. They might both be buying the same product but their financial situation suggests that their approach to buying will be very different. Customers make more of an effort, and become more involved, if the purchase is relatively important to them particularly if they have no previous experience of buying such a product or service. Product developing: Before starting this point we should know what is product? Well, if anything able to fulfil customer need with fully satisfying which they buy for specific reason this is called product. The major quality or feather of product is tangibility. Off course, intangible anything not counts as a product such as reputation of company because it is one kind of service. One important way, to make product developed is brand and design. But product and brand is not same thing. A product is made by factory while brand is something which customer buys for consumption. So to develop the product factory should improve the quality and design of brand that people buy. Therefore, the management of product and brand should be aware about marketing process. It is not easy way to achieve customer loyalty and high market sale without product development. It is also not possible if brand and quality of product are not accepted by customer. IEKA got it high market and customer loyalty in the world not only by its quality and brand but also its marketing policy. Product distribution: Distribution is an important section of marketing. It can increase sales by providing proper way of distribution with achieving customer satisfaction. There are distributions Factors which make customer comfort: Market factors. Producer factors. Product factors. Market factors: An important market factor is buyer behaviour how do buyers want to purchase the product? Do they prefer to buy from retailers, locally, via mail order or perhaps over the Internet? Another important factor is buyer needs Information and servicing of product. Intermediaries are often best placed to provide servicing rather than the original producer for example in the case of motor cars. The willingness of channel intermediaries to market product is also a factor. Retailers in particular invest heavily in properties, shop fitting etc. They may decide not to support a particular product if it requires too much investment (e.g. training, display equipment, warehousing).Another important factor is intermediary cost. Intermediaries typically charge a mark-up or commission for participating in the channel. This might be deemed unacceptably high for the ultimate producer business. Producer Factors: A key question is whether the producer has the resources to perform the functions of the channel? For example a producer may not have the resources to recruit, train and equip a sales team. If so, the only option may be to use agents and/or other distributors. Many channel intermediaries focus heavily on the customer interface as a way of creating competitive advantage and cementing the relationship with their supplying producers. If a manufacturer sells via a retailer, they effective lose control over the final consumer price, since the retailer sets the price and any relevant discounts or promotional offers. Similarly, there is no guarantee for a producer that their products are actually been stocked by the retailer. Direct distribution gives a producer much more control over these issues. Product factor: Large complex products are often supplied direct to customers (e.g. complex medical equipment sold to hospitals). By contrast perishable products (such as frozen food, meat, bread) require relatively short distribution channels ideally suited to using intermediaries such as retailers. Price setting process: From the ancient time it was controversial section to setting price of the appropriate product. According to Shapiro and Jackson, every company should follow one of the three methods for price setting such as cost oriented, competitors oriented, and marketing oriented. In generally company set price of the considering the cost of product manufacturing and marketing which up to reach consumer hand. These costs depend on quality of product, label, and distribution and so on. For marketers selling through resellers the pricing decision is complicated by resellers need to earn a profit and the marketers need to have some control over the products price to the final customer. In these cases setting price involves more than only worrying about what the direct customer is willing pay since the marketer must also evaluate pricing to indirect customers. Another important way of price setting is competitors oriented which is the faction of the present world. In the Competitors oriented process need to compare with other company and always try to increase sale anyway. But most of the customer does not like these criteria because they think about quality and brand not price. In case of IKEA, It follows the marketing oriented and cost oriented process because it is a renowned and worldwide company. They no need to competition with other because it manufactured its own brand so that they thing about the manufactured cost and increasing sale. Promotion activity: One important p among the 4p is promotion. In general way, Promotion actually means improving interpersonal capacity. But in the business world, this word used to gaining business prosperity as a reputation company like IEKE, TESCO, TOYOTA, etc. Normally a company can change situation by achieving promotion in various way like sowing public relationship with customer, improving personal selling, advertising and many others way. Personal selling is important way to improve individual customer relationship. Besides sale persons are important rule for the company because all of the action depends on them. IEKA Provide range of promotion activity for improving sales which lead it to gain company rank or promotion. In recent, From 10 to 24 March 2010, IKEA develops an interesting event in four important metro stations in Paris. Furniture collections are currently displayed in high-traffic spots, giving the potential customers a chance to interact with the brand by checking out the product s. The subway walls are also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors. What a creative way to do advertising! Moreover, this action completely changes the way the Paris subway station look and creates a cool atmosphere. Marketing mix: The marketing mix is probably the most important marketing term. It describes the basic, tactical components element of a marketing plan. In generally known, as the Four Ps , the marketing mix elements are price, place product, and promotion. Price: IKEAs Price strategy is completely based on cost oriented. Across the markets where it currently has a presence, products are sold at low prices. Prices are 30 to 45% lower than competing products which is a crucial technique of IEKA. Price variations are only a result of fluctuations in exchange rates. This penetration pricing enables IKEA to gain significant market share in the world. Low prices are a result of large-quantity purchasing, low-cost logistics, store location in suburban areas and a DIY approach to marketing. IKEA also benefits from economies of scale and healthy supplier-firm relationships. IKEA enters into long-term contracts, provides leased equipment and technical support in exchange for exclusive, low-cost manufacturing from suppliers. For new markets, IKEA should retain its price-image to maintain the brands positioning. Product: The value chain of IKEA is unique in that customers are also suppliers and suppliers are also customers. There are valuables transactions between the supplier and IKEA and on to the customer which help them to each stage. One another important criteria of the IKEA, is Product differentiation that exists in the value-added dimension. But sometimes IKEAs consumers are treated as presumes with most of its products requiring assembly after purchase. While this is well accepted in areas where IKEA now operates, it may be a point of consideration when entering new markets. Should IKEA encounter a market where DIY is not favoured, IKEA may include the cost of the service to the products price. Place: The third market mix criteria are place or location. In this case all of the IKEAs stores are located in suburban areas. This is a factor in the achievement of IKEAs low pricing. While it may appear as a disadvantage, this fits IKEAs target market of customers willing to transport their own purchases and requiring less assistance in assembly. Promotion: IKEA Have proposed variety of option to providing promoting in the purpose of encouraging people one of them is Work At Home promotion aimed at boosting sales of home office-related merchandise. Realizing the potential of our online database, the decision was made to utilize electronic mail as the primary medium of communication with the public, which required that we identify and utilize the optimum e-mail list management solution. Expended marketing mix: We already discuss about marketing mix which is consist 4p (Price, Product, Place, and Promotion). But without 4p there are more 3p such as People, process, and Physical evidence. Basically, these 3p used to service related industry or organisation. And these are also intangible product which is not appearing in physically like, reputation of company and achieving promotion. The main target of this marketing to making consumer satisfy by providing best service not quality of product. The consumers of the marketing can be segmented into different way. There are 3p below those are providing service to the consumer: People: People mean staff of the organisation that helps to the customer directly. Peoples are important factor in the consumer market of organisation for gaining success. The provide service into the different market segmented organisation. Process: Process is one kind of technique and mechanical strategy of the marketing these are help consumer by given them essential modern facility. For example, more of the cash point provides service to the consumer here people get money instantly. Physical evidence: another most important element is Physical strength that means help to the consumer in the field label. We know that some of the companys work in field like, day labour, Driver, and mailing, packaging here need physical strength to achieve customer satisfaction. Consumer in every age and category want to service physically from the organisation. Different between product and service: The most important distinguish between the product and service is tangibility. Product is a tangible element in any kind of organisation or industry while service show is fully opposite scenery of the organisation which is intangible and appear less just only evaluate by the consumer satisfaction. Another characteristic of product is fixed measurable but service not measurable at any time. Because if a customer have bought any product yesterday and now today he/she want to buy again, at is possible to get same product but in case of service it is almost impossible to get same service from the organisation he may get better or poor once because it is intellectual habit. On the other hand, in term of consumer every organisation evaluates its consumer in the same eye it does not differ into poor and rich consumer. This is the way of marketing. Although market segmentation divide consumer by the demography and geographically. So consumers are less difference than the difference between p roduct and service. Different between international and domestic market: International market means researching market according to the international view of people. While domestic market only analyse the own countrys marketing where it situated. It is sophisticated discussion to find out that why and how international and domestic market is not same. It will be crystal to us if we PEST (Political, Economical, socio-cultural, and technical) analyse in the current world business. In the political factor, one country does not give permeation to enter another country easily for business purpose thinking about it domestic business may lose. We know that the economical status of all country in the world not same that is why the developed country does not wise to business with poor country. Another important factor is culture, religion, and society these are not same in the world so it is main obstacle in the international market. For example, the Bangladeshi people take tea or coffee after meal while British people like drink or alcohol. But now a days, in the technological arena which attract people to involve international business. In case of IKEA how it gain international market, this was only because of IKEAs worldwide service. Conclusion: As mentioned in the case study, UKs furniture market is very brightness. So in the view of increasing share market, IKEA needs to focus on positioning itself as the one stop centre for all home furnishing needs. IKEA should have target their marketing effort on middle-upper, educated segment of UKs people, as they are the one that will be more open to accept new ideas and concept that has to offer. Also IKEA should different itself, focus on the experience it offers to shopper, not just the low price products.

Latino Dual Identity Essay -- Hispanic Culture, Identity Essays

Latinos who were raised in the United States of America have a dual identity. They were influenced by both their parents' ancestry and culture in addition to the American culture in which they live. Growing up in between two very different cultures creates a great problem, because they cannot identify completely with either culture and are also caught between the Spanish and English languages. Further more they struggle to connect with their roots. The duality in Latino identity and their search for their own personal identity is strongly represented in their writing. The following is a quote that expresses this idea in the words of Lucha Corpi, a Latina writer: "We Chicanos are like the abandoned children of divorced cultures. We are forever longing to be loved by an absent neglectful parent - Mexico - and also to be truly accepted by the other parent - the United States. We want bicultural harmony. We need it to survive. We struggle to achieve it. That struggle keeps us alive" ( Gr iwold ). Latinos often use Christian and religious imagery in their writing. The strongly religious memories and values instilled upon during their upbringing are often also used to represent innocence and/or their childhood ( Najarro ). Most Latinos who were raised in the United States had parents who ardently clung to the strict religious beliefs carried with them from their mother country. Therefore as Latinos struggle to connect themselves with their culture they find the Catholic faith strongly rooted in their past. Another struggle for identity with Latinos is their struggle with the Spanish and English languages. While some Latinos may speak Spanish in their homes, the language may not be conversationally used in their schools. Some Lat... ...r own personal identity and how others view them. They are caught between to very different cultures and consequently often don't know how to find a way to balance the two. As Latino-Americans move farther away from their roots and struggle to find some common ground between the two cultures the polar duality in their identity will continue to be an extremely common theme in Latino writing. Works Cited Griswold,Lisa. Voices from the Gap. 2002. 16 Sept. 2003 . Najarro.Adela. "Angles in the Kitchen:Latino Poets and the Search for Identity." Adela Najarro's Website. 24 Oct. 2002. 16. Sept. 2003 Rysavy, Tracy. "Secrets of a Poet Spy." Yes. A Journal of Positive Futures. Oct. 1999. 16. Sept. 2003.

Alan Freed:History Of Rock Music Essay -- essays research papers

Alan Freed Alan Freed was born December 16, 1922 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He was considered the most the most famous Disc Jockey(DJ) in rock 'n roll history, however, controversy encircled the man and he recieved lots of criticism especially from white adults during his career. I think that Alan Freed greatly helped shape the sound of music today and further advanced the progression of rock music. He is the person who coined the term "Rock & Roll" and also put up with a lot of nonsense regarding the term. At the time "Rock & Roll" was an urban african american term for sex, I think Alan realized that the popular white culture would be turned off by the term R&B, which was mainly associated with black artists, so he decided to give it a different name and expose that style of music to the general public. His radio name and nickname was "Moondog". These were also the names of his non-segregated concerts in which black and white teenagers came to listen to good rock & roll regardless of the singer's color. Moondog Balls were very popular and drew much criticism from white parents. At the first Moondog Ball over 25,000 kids, mostly white, showed up in the March of 1925 in Cleveland. I believe that what Freed did was good as far as opening people up to racially diverse music and not really listening to what the media ...

Black Holes Essay -- Essays Papers

Black Holes Every day we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverse and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders, our universe holds a mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever elusive, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space phenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is generally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. By definition, a black hole is a region where matter collapses to infinite density, and where, as a result, the curvature of space-time is extreme. Moreover, the intense gravitational field of the black hole prevents any light or other electromagnetic radiation from escaping. But where lies the â€Å"point of no return† at which any matter or energy is doomed to disappear from the visible universe? The black hole’s surface is known as the event horizon. Behind this horizon, the inward pull of gravity is overwhelming and no information about the black hole’s interior can escape to the outer universe. Applying the Einstein Field Equations to collapsing stars, Kurt Schwarzschild discovered the critical radius for a given mass at which matter would collapse into an infinitely dense state known as a singularity. At the center of the black hole lies the singularity, where matter is crushed to infinite density, the pull of gravity is infinitely strong, and space-time has infinite curvature. Here it is no longer meaningful to speak of space and time, much less space-time. Jumbled up at the singularity, space and time as we know them cease to exist. At the singularity, the laws of physics break down, including Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. This is known as Quantum Gravity. In this realm, space and time are broken apart and cause and effect cannot be unraveled. Even today, there is no satisfactory theory for what happens at and beyond the rim of the singularity. A rotating black hole has an interesting feature, called a Cauchy horizon... ...rams were made showing how astronomers believe that if somehow you were to survive through the center of the black hole that there would be enough gravitational force to possible warp you to another end in the universe or possibly to another universe. The creative deas that can be hypothesized from this discovery are endless. Although our universe is filled with many unexplained, glorious phenomena, it is our duty to continue exploring them and to continue learning, but in the process we must not take any of it for granted. As you have read, black holes are a major topic within our universe and they contain so much curiosity that they could possibly hold unlimited uses. Black holes are a sensation that astronomers are still very puzzled with. It seems that as we get closer to solving their existence and functions, we only end up with more and more questions. Although these questions just lead us into more and more unanswered problems we seek and find refuge into them, dreaming that maybe one far off distant day, we will understand all the conceptions and we will be able to use the universe to our advantage and go where only our dreams could take us.

Consumer Advertising Ethical Essay

She then pulls out a magazine and begins to turn through the pages when she find an advertisement for a prescription drug to treat migraines. This drug could ease her pain and let her resume her normal activities. Is it wrong for her to see this ad? Absolutely not. ?Sharing information with the public about possible cures is morally right. Withholding information that can save someone’s life is morally wrong. Direct advertising to consumers of pharmaceutical drugs is ethical based on a deontological perspective. Kant considered what is â€Å"right† over what is â€Å"good† to be   superior (wikipedia). In the case of direct-to-consumer drug advertising, the right of sharing information about cures and possible ailments outweighs any possible â€Å"good† that can be made on behalf of the advertisers. It does not matter that the advertising companies and the pharmaceutical companies will make money off of the patients purchasing the drugs. What is most important is sharing the knowledge with those patients. When the general public is presented with information about pharmaceutical drugs not only are they given information about something that can provide treatments for symptoms they may be having, but it also informs them about what certain groupings of symptoms may be. For example, a person having strange pains in his/her legs and doesn’t know what it is and might not seek medical attention. However, if he/she sees an advertisement on television that describes those exact symptoms he/she is experiencing, the advertisement would give the ailment a possible name. This information could help that person when he/she goes to see his/her doctor. The patient can describe what he/she is experiencing and tell the doctor about the ad that made him/her think there was a reason to visit the doctor for treatment. Some cases will be serious and others will be minor, this is not important. What is important is that the public was granted this information in an easily accessible format – the advertisement. ?The United States and New Zealand are the only two developed countries that allow direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical drugs (DeGeorge 320). Health care works differently in the U. S. than in other parts of the world like Europe and Canada. Because of the major differences in health care, DTC is more welcomed in these countries than in others. Here in the U. S. many people are paying for their own health care out of pocket unlike other places where it is provided at no cost. In other countries you don’t have to worry about whether or not you can afford to go to the doctor and/or pay for the visit and prescriptions. DTC advertising is more welcomed in the U. S. because people want to feel empowered and be given choices. Here there are a lot of options because people pay for what they think they need even if it is not the best option for them. ?People make decisions based on what they are convinced they need. In the U. S. you, or your insurance that you most likely pay for, have to pay for every lab and every doctor visit. So in the U. S. many people would rather treat symptoms than fix a problem. DTC advertising knows this and uses it to their advantage. Canadian Medical Association president  Henry Haddad, M. D. stated, â€Å"The message U. S. consumers are getting is that pharmaceuticals are simply consumer commodities rather than complex therapeutics. We think that interferes with the physician–patient relationship by raising the expectations of patients and pressuring physicians to prescribe drugs. † (Fintor) This is a prime example of why other developed nations are not proponents of DTC advertising. ?When you look at direct-to-consumer advertising based on a utilitarian perspective it would be considered morally wrong. In utilitarianism you can only judge something’s moral value once you know all of the consequences (wikipedia). This means that every consequence needs to be examined and weighed. As a result of DTC advertising of pharmaceutical drugs, not only is the pubic informed about illnesses and a variety of ways to treat said illnesses, but also a plethora of other consequences that add negatively to the moral value of the action. ?One negative consequence to seriously consider is the money that is gained by pharmaceutical companies, advertisers, and doctors. Money will drive people to do almost anything regardless if it is morally right or wrong. When consumers see an advertisement for a drug they might try to identify with the ad and feel it necessary to visit their doctor. Once they visit the doctor they will claim to have symptoms that were described in the advertisement and then ask for a prescription to the drugs that were shown. Once the doctor prescribes these drugs the money is gained by all the involved parties and is lost by the patients. ?Many of the drugs prescribed have harmful side-effects that are downplayed by the advertisements. It’s all about the money and not the well-being of the patients. This is clearly displayed in a study that showed that a pharmaceutical company saw a return of $4. 0 for every dollar spent on advertising (DeGeorge 319). That’s an incredible 420% percent profit margin. With profits like that it’s easy to understand why the moral consequences have been ignored. It would be morally wrong for people to take advantage of consumers and capitalize on their illnesses. If the pharmaceutical companies were really all about informing the public about illnesses and treatments they would do it without receiving any money. Taking away the profit aspect of the pharmaceutical world would change the advertising and probably the drugs themselves. With no profits involved there would not be the push that there is to find something that could work to treat an illness regardless of the consequences. Scientists would strive to find treatments that would help people and not harm them; this is the basis of utilitarianism, weighing all of the good and the bad. In conclusion, direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical drugs has both positive and negative consequences. Do I believe people making money off of the misfortune of others is right? No. However, I do believe is our duty to inform and educate people about illnesses and possible treatments.The health and well-being of the population of the world is much more important than someone making a dollar.

Degree Plan Essay

For as long as I can remember I wanted to be a police officer. As a little boy, what caught my attention were the flashing lights and sirens on the police cars. It could have also been then the facts that police officer were permitted to carry a gun and had the ability to run red lights. This is why as I grew up and played games like cops and robbers, I was always the police officer. During my teenage years, I later joined the auxiliary police officer and started to learn about police work. That’s when I realized that a police officer was nothing like I thought. I started to understand the role of the police was not as a symbol of power, but one of peace. I started to understand that society needed law enforcement measures to uphold the laws that have been set for our city`s and county’s. I also learned that a police presence was the best tool in deterring crime and creating a safe environment for everyone. Police officers are in the community for all the right reasons, to educate us as children and educate our parents on safety. They were there when my friends and family needed them. Not only for the worse of times, but in the best as well. To me, police officer were my hero`s and I wanted to be one of them in order to be able to return to the community and provide the service and knowledge I’ve gained over the years of growing up pursuing my dreams of being a police officer. Although I’ve always wanted to be a police office, since I am human and had to grow from a boy to a man, I have made mistakes in my life growing up by allowing peer pressure got the best of me in some aspects. Although I did my best to overcome the pressures of high school, by distancing myself from those bad influences that is when I opened my eyes to figure out what do I want out of life and that I need to put me first and pursue my career. In September of2012 I decided to pursue my education for my children so I wrote down some options on a career change. So I looked into Empire College and saw that I can take online classes to pursue a degree and work at my leisure because I am a full time father and work two jobs so I don’t really have time. I would like to do this for my family so I am going to have to work hard so I can conquer my goals. So I am starting out with my associate’s degree I have registered for several classes; this has been a big challenge since I haven’t been in school for about ten years. But in order for me to continue my dream of being a police officer by monitoring society I have to work a little hard and I will conquer this challenge for my family. I would love to become a police officer. It is a good job even though it’s a risky job depending on where you are working, but it is worth it. It has good benefits and a reasonable salary. Most important is that I think it will be a challenging and rewarding career, and I think with my natural curiosity and desire to solve problems that I will be good at this. Ever since I was a little kid I have always been fascinated with becoming a police officer. Doing justice the right way and making sure that people obey government laws the right way is the kind of job I would like to pursue. This job is becoming a police officer. First semester I have taken Creative Writing, intro to biology , Western Civilization these classes are helping me get my associates degree Second semester I am registered for Corrections in American systems, degree planning, introduction to Algebra. These classes have helped me study and look into society instead of just getting thrown into a position that I have no clue about. Writing and Reading class; was not one of my favorite but it gave me some ideas on understanding what I was reading and to elaborate on my writing. I enjoyed the compare and contrast short essays that I needed to write. I work as an EMT for Lutheran Medical so I love Biology. My job is interesting right now I am in Brooklyn where all the action is; I love to help people and love the action every day. It wants to make Brooklyn and there is action every day that is what I like I love helping people and I love the action. To be a police officer I want to change this society around; since I was a child I remember listening to the sirens out the window or a police officer chasing two kids because the stole an elderly woman handbag . This by far is not an easy job! But this is a very serious job, every job is different and the way society is today you can never trust anybody. I am continuing school so I understand and have an education. Working in /for our society today can be extremely difficult and I am a firm of an education to become a police officer. I might not use Shakespeare if there is a robbery but maybe I can distract him with a poem. Going to class again also will help me get back into routine you need routine also you need to be educated and healthy. This is a serious job I feel that Police Officers are protecting our society everyday all day long. Officers do carry a lot on their shoulders they witness a lot and some jobs can be worse than others. I have learned that College is very time consuming it’s a full time job I am ready to receive some help from my counselor about the requirements that I would need to conquer my dreams . This isn’t just any job this to make sure your society is safe and everyone understands. I do think it is important to have an education level. I have had about 10 years’ experience with police officers and fire department. I wouldn’t trade it for the world; in a firm believer in succeeding what I like to do and knowing what to do. So I know I am starting at late but I really hope this second semester I do well so I can run off and start my career and enjoy it. I am trying my hardest to get all these done so I can just be in the action. It’s almost over that’s why it’s important to work hard and continue your education. Please remember it’s never too late to follow your dreams!

Firstly, what does auteur theory mean? Essay

Firstly, what does auteur theory mean? It compares the film director to the author of a book, it attributes artistic control to the director and proposes that the film is the artistic project of the director primarily. His or her vision, creativity, and design determine the end result, the finished film. Basically, it means that if the director is an auteur, the film will be completely their ideas and visions and they have complete control of it. I believe Danny Boyle uses this control to make his films. Danny Boyle was born in Manchester in 1956. He started a career in theatre at the age of 18 and by the time he left the Royal Court Theatre in 1987 he was the deputy director. He also did some television direction in the 80s including Mr Wroe’s Virgins and episodes of Inspector Morse. Shallow Grave, released in 1994, was Danny Boyle’s first film. It took 30 days to film and had a budget of i 1,000,000. i 150,000 was from Glasgow Film Fund and the remaining i 850,000 came from Channel Four. Although the film was set in Edinburgh, the money from Glasgow meant that a lot of the film was made there. The film’s scriptwriter John Hodge was very clear minded about how to get the film made for â€Å"virtually nothing†, for instance the majority of the film is filmed inside a flat. Danny Boyle said the film has â€Å"fascinating character development† but not in the â€Å"traditional† way because â€Å"audiences are not there primarily to watch a character being drawn†¦ they want the excitement and speed of the journey that cinema can provide†. He described the film as â€Å"intelligent entertainment†, meaning that it doesn’t patronise audiences and there’s an agenda behind the film if they want to look for one. He, John Hodge and producer Andrew MacDonald all wanted the film to be a partnership of 3 performers. They didn’t approach one major star because they thought the audiences would all be concentrating on that one person. To prepare for the film, Boyle lived in a flat for a week with the three actors. CLIP OF SHALLOW GRAVE Trainspotting, released in 1996, was the second film from the team of Danny Boyle, Andrew MacDonald and John Hodge. The screenplay was adapted from the Irvine Welsh novel of the same name. John Hodge took some persuading to make the film – he described the novel as having â€Å"no story† and Welsh’s prose as â€Å"dialogue-driven†. Again, it took 30 days to shoot. The film cost i 1. 6 million, financed by Channel 4 who was able to pre-sell it on the back of the success of Shallow Grave. The film went on to take i 13 million worldwide and is the second highest grossing British film of all time – after Four Weddings and a Funeral. Danny Boyle thoroughly researched heroin addiction for the film – he met a lot of addicts and got them to talk to the actors and held â€Å"cookery classes† where the actors learnt how to cook up. Ewan McGregor also read all the books he could find on the subject. Ewan McGregor was the only advance casting the team made – all the other actors had to audition. Robert Carlyle expects to play the lead in a film but he accepted playing a part under McGregor so the team â€Å"knew [they] were getting thoroughbreds all the way down†. The film was criticised for its â€Å"neutral attitude† to drugs but Boyle said that patronising and preaching to today’s youth was pointless and in today’s culture you need to speak directly to them. So, the film shows the dangers drugs can provide but also the pleasures. Danny Boyle used the soundtrack in this film to move the narrative along quickly – it moves through time, but also to attract audiences. CLIP OF TRAINSPOTTING The team rejected Alien 4 in 1997 to make A Life Less Ordinary. Danny Boyle said of the Alien film â€Å"I don’t do storyboards†. He was worried he would not have the creative freedom he liked and he would become swamped in high pressure film-making. The film was bigger than their previous two – it took 50 days to shoot and had a budget of i 7. 5 million, financed by Twentieth Century Fox. Despite this and the fact it was a romantic comedy shot in Utah, Danny Boyle still considers it a British film, albeit partly so. He said he wanted to combine the two cultures as much as possible but the film wasn’t developed in America, was made by the three of them and starred Ewan McGregor. He shot the film in America and brought it home to edit. The film uses the same surrealism that sometimes appears in Trainspotting. CLIP OF A LIFE LESS ORDINARY The Beach, released in 2000, was the first film made by the team that didn’t star Ewan McGregor. It is a Hollywood film with a budget of i 25 million financed by Twenty-first Century Fox. Before the team even approached the studio, they bought the rights to the book, adapted the screenplay and travelled to Thailand to research so that when they did contact the studio, they had a script, photos of locations and knew what the budget would need to be. In Alex Garland’s original book, Leonardo DiCaprio’s character Richard is English. Boyle felt this would not have worldwide appeal so he chose to make him American and chose Leo to play him. In the film, Richard lies to his girlfriend about sleeping with another woman and later splits up with her. The studio tried to get Boyle to change these things but he retained his creative control. This film is a perfect example of how he lures audiences into his films then shocks them. This film has all elements to make a film popular – big Hollywood star, soundtrack, adventure, romance – but the story soon changes to a much darker one than an average Hollywood blockbuster. There were reports of Boyle being disrespectful to Thailand authorities and damaging land but he made every effort not to and he is proud of his end result, as this quote shows.

Picaresque Novel

Callie Dahlhauser Lora Devereaux Composition II April 3, 2013 A Picaresque Novel The picaresque novel is an early type of novel originating from the Spanish word picaro. Picaro means a rogue or an adventurer. This type of novel describes the journeys that the main character or â€Å"picaro† take part in. The main character is usually of low social class and manipulates their way through life instead of working for what they want.The main point of the picaresque novel is to present the main character and reveal his/her adventures (Murfin). There are seven key qualities that determine if a novel is picaresque or not. First, the novel will tell of the rogue’s life usually in first person. Second, the rogue comes from low social class and is very basic. Third, the novel is made up of â€Å"episodes† that are put together to create the whole. Forth, the main character will not change personality throughout this story. Fifth, the novel is going to portray realism. Sixt h, the picaro does not engage in criminal activities.Seventh, there is a variety of social classes thrown in throughout the novel (Harmon). Picaresque novels are told in first-person point of view and discuss thoroughly the social class of the characters. The picaresque novel is very much discontinuous and structureless. The point of this type of novel is to address the life story of the mischievous main character. This character relies on his intellects to get him far in life rather than hard labor. This adventurous character participates in escapades where he barely succeeds to escape ( Harmon).In a picaresque novel, the central character does not develop into someone else. They start of being a picaro in the beginning and end the same way. They describe the life of the rogue or even just part of their lives. Their qualities stay the same as does the main characters social status. As mentioned before, these types of novels lack structure and usually involve unrelated parts that co me together as a whole (Murfin). Many classify picaresque novels to be romantic because of the adventurous storyline.The picaresque novel however is actually marked as being realistic. Because of the fact that the settings in these stories are very life-like, it gives the novel a realistic texture. The novel is presented with simplicity of language also. It can also be considered realistic because of the in depth detail that is portrayed throughout the novels (Bloom). The rogue in these novels usually does not involve themselves in criminal mischief. They lack virtue which means they rely on tricks and pranks to get them what they want.Many times if the picaro is employed they do tedious work and do not fully apply themselves. In these novels, there is no plot. The story is made up of loosely connected adventures and stories (Harmon). One example of a picaresque novel is Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn is the picaro in the story and the novel tells of h is adventures. He was born of the low social status and wandered into danger during his adventures. Huck fits the definition of a rogue because of the fact that he is a loner.He feels more comfortable on his own and away from society’s cruel judgments (Bloom). Another great example of a picaresque novel is The Unfortunate Traveller, or, The Life of Jack Wilton. This is considered the first English example of a Picaresque novel. The narrator, Jack Wilton, tells of his adventures throughout the wars against the French. He describes the dangers he encounters and the tragedy that he witnesses. Another way that makes this novel picaresque is because of the fact that Jack Wilton travels and comes into contact with many different societies (Bloom).Another example of a picaresque novel is One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. It is considered picaresque because of the corrupt society and the humor seen throughout the novel by the picaro. Randle McMurphy is the novels m ain character and picaro. During the novel, he is faced with many different challenges. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest tells of his adventures of being in the mental institute and describes his carefree personality ( Bloom). Although picaresque novels came about in the 16th century, the picaresque genre is still used frequently today.Picaresque novels have greatly influenced literature (Bloom). Works Cited Bloom, Harold. â€Å"Episodic Novel. † Blooms Literary Reference Online. N. p. : n. p. , 2012. N. pag. Facts on File. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. Harmon, William. â€Å"Picaresque Novel. † A Handbook to Literature. 11th ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2009. 416-17. Print. Murfin, Ross, and Supryia M. Ray. â€Å"Picaresque Novel. † The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 382-83. Print.

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay

Diversity – The differences between individuals in society, differences could stem from ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disabilities and appearance. Equality – Each individual having the same opportunities to achieve and experience life to the same standard as other individuals Inclusion – The process of identifying differences and barriers in individuals and working towards adapting activities or experiences to enable the individual to participate Discrimination – Treating someone less favourably than other individuals because of differences such as; ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disabilities and appearance Participation – Enabling all individuals to join in and experience activities to their highest capability According to the ‘Every Child Matters’ government publication there are 5 outcomes that can directly link to the importance of equality, diversity and inclusion and how they can be achieved; †¢Being Healthy – ‘so that they are physically, mentally, emotionally and sexually healthy, have healthy lifestyles and choose not to take illegal drugs’. A child or young person who has been enabled to participate and be included among others is more likely to develop well emotionally, physically and mentally †¢Staying safe – ‘from maltreatment, neglect, violence, sexual exploitation, accidental injury and death, bullying and discrimination, crime and anti-social behaviour in and out of school, have security and stability and are cared for’ A child or young person who has been educated from an early age about different cultures and backgrounds will be less likely to grow up to discriminate, bully or show anti-social behaviour to people of different cultures and backgrounds †¢Enjoying and achieving – ‘so that they are ready for school, attend and enjoy school, achieve stretching national educational standards at primary and secondary school, achieve personal and social development and enjoy recreation’ A child or young person who has gone through their school life being discriminated against may not achieve personal and social development resulting in them not achieving the grades they need to go on to further education, employment and not being able to successfully deal with significant life changes in later life. †¢Making a positive contribution – ‘so that they engage in decision-making, support their community and environment, engage in law-abiding and positive behaviour in and out of school, develop positive relationships, choose not to bully and discriminate, develop self-confidence, successfully deal with significant life changes and challenges and develop enterprising behaviour’ A child or young person who has not been educated well about diversity and has grown up discriminating and being prejudice against others are less likely to grown up to be law-abiding and show positive behaviour or build positive relationships. †¢Achieving economic well-being – ‘so that they engage in further education, employment or training on leaving school, are ready for employment, live in decent homes and sustainable communities, have  access to transport and material goods, live in households free from low income’ Again, if a child or young person has been discriminated against at school they may not finish their education and not go on to achieve the grades they need to go on to further education or employment. SHC 33 – 1.2 Discrimination on an individual can cause them to lose their potential in society and not develop fully in their abilities, talents and education. In later life they may not be able to make a full contribution to society. It will affect friends and family by making them not feel welcome for example; in child care settings, schools or employment settings. Those who inflict discrimination on others may go on to have a false and distorted outlook on life; they may also go on to not be law-abiding as they grow up as discrimination itself is against the law. SHC 33 – 2.1/CYP 3.7 – 2.1 There are legislations and codes of practise that relate to equality, diversity and discrimination such as: Every Child Matters – is a government initiative for England and Wales. It was set up partly in response to the  death of Victoria Climbià © to ensure that children, no matter what background or circumstance they come from will be supported to; †¢Stay safe †¢Be healthy †¢Enjoy and Achieve †¢To achieve economic wellbeing †¢To then go on to provide a positive contribution to their community` UN convention on the Rights of the Children – in 1989 world leaders officially agreed that children under the age of 18 should have the right to †¢An education – children have the right to free primary and secondary school educations. Discipline in schools must respect the child’s human dignity †¢To be healthy – the government must provide good quality health care, clean environments, clean water and nutritious food. Rich countries must help poorer countries to achieve this also †¢Knowledge of information and rights – All children should be able to access reliable information from the media that they will understand. The government must also make rights of children known to adults and children. †¢To live without discrimination – the convention applies to every child no matter what ethnicity, gender, religion and abilities they have. The convention also gives children the freedom of speech and thoughts of their own SHC 33 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 3.3 Discrimination should be challenged when we encounter it. If adults or children behave in discriminatory ways in the setting, there should be strategies to carefully challenge what has been said or done. It is important to support anyone who has been discriminated against however, it is also important to support anyone who is behaving or speaking in a discriminatory way. So that hopefully they will change their behaviour for the future. It is important to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change. Children are easily influenced by the adult world around them and can pick up prejudiced views and even behave in discriminatory ways. Settings should be celebrating our differences, abilities, ethnicities and cultures so children and parents can see them in a positive way. This could be done by implementing celebration boards, having dressing up clothes from different cultures, having books about different cultures/abilities/religions. CYP 3.7 – 1.1, 3.1 There are many social, economic and cultural factors that can impact on the lives of children and young people. Children and young people who are in care may suffer educationally e.g if a child or young person has recently been fostered or adopted there may be a lot for them to deal with emotionally especially in cases where abuse has been involved. Poverty can affect the mental and physical health of children and the parents as the income may not be enough to provide for the family as CYP 3.7 – 1.1, 3.1 – continued hoped and accommodation may be poor e.g. may have damp which can cause health problems. Living in a community amongst others with anti-social behaviour can isolate some families making parents reluctant to let children play out and socialise with others. Rural communities can also get isolated from others due to being far away from educational and health facilities with limited transport. A parent or child who has a disability could have their educational development greatly affected. A child with a disability could miss a lot of school due to illness or hospitalisation; this could also affect their social and emotional development due to missing out on communicating with peers in educational and every day environments. A child whose parent has a disability may be a carer to their parent and miss out on every day activities and communication with children their own age. Bereavements in families can affect the emotional and physical health of children and their parents e.g. if a parent loses a child it could have a knock on effect on the remaining children, seeing a parent finding it difficult to cope with the loss could make it even more difficult for the remaining children to come to terms with the loss. Different cultures can affect children and young people e.g. families that live in a way that varies from the norm; same sex couples may be discriminated against by  anti-social individuals, which can affect the family as a whole emotionally and socially. Children from travelling families can have their educational development affected if they change schools often. CYP 3.7 – 1.2 The income of parents can determine the outcome of children’s prospects of life choices and good health. Income affects the different types of areas in which children are brought up e.g. inner-city/suburban/rural, the quality of housing and the quality of food provided. †¢Infant mortality rates are highest in families that earn the lowest incomes †¢The chances of poor health in later life are greater †¢Child accident rates are more than twice as higher †¢Statistically, children from lower income families are likely to have poorer health than those from higher income families, often resulting from poor housing conditions, poor quality food, stress or depression †¢Young adults may have less chance of employment in the future resulting from low achievement in education †¢Children from lower income families are more likely to be involved in crime later on in life †¢At school children are less likely to achieve to their full potential